| Ernie Bushmiller | |
|---|---|
Ernie Bushmiller in the 1950s |
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| Born | Ernest Paul Bushmiller, Jr. August 23, 1905 The Bronx, New York |
| Died | August 15, 1982 (aged 76) Stamford, Connecticut |
| Nationality | American |
| Area(s) | Cartoonist |
| Notable works | Nancy |
| Awards | Humor Comic Strip Award (National Cartoonists Society), 1976 Reuben Award, 1976 The Will Eisner Award Hall of Fame (Judges' Choice), 2011 |
Ernest Paul Bushmiller, Jr. (23 August 1905 - 15 August 1982) was an American cartoonist, best known for creating the long-running daily comic strip Nancy.
Born in The Bronx, New York, Bushmiller was the son of immigrant parents, and his father was an artist. Bushmiller quit school at 14 to work as a copy boy at the New York World newspaper. At night, he took art classes at the National Academy of Design.[1]
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In 1925, cartoonist Larry Whittington, creator of the comic strip Fritzi Ritz, left to produce another strip, Mazie the Model. Bushmiller then took over Fritzi Ritz, ghostwriting it, before eventually taking over officially. Bushmiller's name did not appear on the strip until May 1926. The character of Fritzi was modeled after Bushmiller's fiance, Abby Bohnet. The couple, who married in 1930, had no children.[2]
Bushmiller introduced Nancy, Fritzi's niece, to the strip on January 2, 1933. The character proved popular, so she appeared more often. As Aunt Fritzi was seen less frequently, the strip was eventually retitled Nancy in 1938. The popular strip was translated into various languages, including Italian, German, Swedish and Norwegian. Phil Fumble was a Bushmiller strip which ran from 1932 through 1938. Bushmiller worked briefly for film comedian Harold Lloyd in 1931, writing gags for Lloyd's film, Movie Crazy.[1][2]
Bushmiller started working each day about 2pm, and he often sat at his drawing table well into the early morning hours of the next day. He usually began a strip with the last panel and then worked back toward the first panel. The simplicity of his style brought praise from Art Spiegelman and other artists. Tom Smucker, writing in The Village Voice, observed:
Bushmiller's strong point was never the content of his comic strip's jokey plots—a friend once described him as "a moron on an acid trip." In fact, the gags were even simpler than was necessary for a "children's" strip. That's because they were just a vehicle for the controlled and brilliant manipulation of repetition and variety that gave the strip its unique visual rhythm and composition. Bushmiller choreographed his familiar formal elements inside the tightest frame of any major strip, and that helped make it the most beautiful, as a whole, of any in the papers.[3]
As Paul Karasik and Mark Newgarden noted in their essay, "How to Read Nancy":
Ernie Bushmiller had the hand of an architect, the mind of a silent film comedian, and the soul of an accountant. His formulaic approach to humor beautifully revealed the essence of what a perfect gag is all about – balance, symmetry, economy. His gags have the abstract feel of math and Nancy was, in fact, a mini-algebra equation masquerading as a comic strip for close to 50 years.[4]
Comics theorist Scott McCloud described the essence of Bushmiller and his creation:
Ernie Bushmiller's comic strip Nancy is a landmark achievement: A comic so simply drawn it can be reduced to the size of a postage stamp and still be legible; an approach so formulaic as to become the very definition of the "gag-strip"; a sense of humor so obscure, so mute, so without malice as to allow faithful readers to march through whole decades of art and story without ever once cracking a smile. Nancy is Plato's playground. Ernie Bushmiller didn't draw A tree, A house, A car. Oh, no. Ernie Bushmiller drew the tree, the house, the car. Much has been made of the "three rocks." Art Spiegelman explains how a drawing of three rocks in a background scene was Ernie's way of showing us there were some rocks in the background. It was always three. Why? Because two rocks wouldn't be "some rocks." Two rocks would be a pair of rocks. And four rocks was unacceptable because four rocks would indicate "some rocks" but it would be one rock more than was necessary to convey the idea of "some rocks." A Nancy panel is an irreduceable concept, an atom, and the comic strip is a molecule.[5]
In 1979, Bushmiller was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease, but he continued to produce the strip with the help of assistants Will Johnson and Al Plastino. He lived in Stamford, Connecticut, where he died in 1982.
Bushmiller, one of the founding members of the National Cartoonists Society, received its Humor Comic Strip Award and its Reuben Award in 1976 for his work on Nancy.[1][6] In 2011, Bushmiller was listed as a Judges' Choice for The Will Eisner Award Hall of Fame.[7]
Bushmiller's work has been repeatedly addressed by other artists: Andy Warhol made a 1961 painting based on Nancy and Joe Brainard made numerous works based on Nancy. Many cartoonists have produced work directly inspired by or commenting on Bushmiller's art, including Art Spiegelman, Mark Newgarden, Chris Ware and Zippy cartoonist Bill Griffith, who has also written an essay on Bushmiller.
The American Heritage Dictionary uses a Bushmiller Nancy strip to illustrate its entry on "comic strip."